DEFINING WHAT IS A NATIVE PLANT.
Formal garden with native plants at Mt. Cuba
As a residential landscape designer practicing in New York City, I have been asked this question repeatably. And.. it's a GREAT question!
A native plant is a species that occurs naturally in a particular region, ecosystem and/or habitat and was present prior to European settlement in the United States. (Elsewhere in the world, there are different parameters.) Native prairie, woodland and wetland plants have evolved to thrive in our natural conditions and, after the first season or two of establishment in your garden, typically require less maintenance than a conventional lawn or garden.
They have adapted to the geography, hydrology, and climate of that region. Native plants occur in communities, that is, they have evolved together with other plants. As a result, a community of native plants provides habitat for a variety of native wildlife species such as songbirds and butterflies.
Black eye susan and Joe pye weed surrounded by Grey birches in this urban garden in New York State
PLANTING NATIVES IN AN URBAN RESIDENTIAL GARDEN DESIGN
It’s important to understand that a commercial or residential landscape design may often be very different from the native conditions where a plant originated, even if they are found in the same state. For the success of any plant, install the plant in similar conditions (light, soil, water/humidity, temperature, ph, etc) that you would find it in nature. Hence the axiom “right plant, right place”.
Native plantings—prairie and woodland gardens, rain gardens set in a residential landscape design—are much more effective than lawn grass in slowing down stormwater and filtering out chemicals contained in it. The deep roots of many native species are able to absorb, hold, and gradually release this water—water that would otherwise rush into nearby bodies of water, eroding their banks and delivering pollution.
Native prairie grasses can be used in a low maintenance residential garden. Be sure to plant in full sun.
Some natives have incredible root systems that support the plants in times of drought. Compared with the roots of most non-native plants, warm-season grasses and flowers have a deep, extensive root system that helps absorb moisture and prevent erosion. Many species of prairie plants have roots that extend four to eight feet into the soil, while cool-season non-native grasses, such as Kentucky blue grass extend only a few inches into the soil. (Which is why after a few days of not watering a lawn in summer you see a coloration change.) Deep roots allow native plants to withstand long periods of dry weather and so they require little or no watering after they are established.
According to the Lady Bird Johnson Wildlife Center, a native landscape provides so much more than just water conserving features. Native landscapes provide habitats for wildlife and encourage the presence of native insects and microorganisms that benefit plants by keeping them healthy without the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Even in the urban setting of a New York City garden design, my clients enjoy the entertainment value offered them when native plants attract butterflies and other pollinators. It’s magical!
This "just planted" predominently woodland native backyard garden behind a Brooklyn brownstone will aid in stormwater retention and provide food for wildlife.
